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Lived Experience of Emergency Health Care Utilization during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Study
- Erin Smith, Michella Hill, Cameron Anderson, Moira Sim, Alecka Miles, David Reid, Brennen Mills
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- Journal:
- Prehospital and Disaster Medicine / Volume 36 / Issue 6 / December 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 08 October 2021, pp. 691-696
- Print publication:
- December 2021
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Introduction:
As the understanding of health care worker lived experience during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) grows, the experiences of those utilizing emergency health care services (EHS) during the pandemic are yet to be fully appreciated.
Study Objective:The objective of this research was to explore lived experience of EHS utilization in Victoria, Australia during the COVID-19 pandemic from March 2020 through March 2021.
Methods:An explorative qualitative design underpinned by a phenomenological approach was applied. Data were collected through semi-structured, in-depth interviews, which were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using Colaizzi’s approach.
Results:Qualitative data were collected from 67 participants aged from 32 to 78-years-of-age (average age of 52). Just over one-half of the research participants were male (54%) and three-quarters lived in metropolitan regions (75%). Four key themes emerged from data analysis: (1) Concerns regarding exposure and infection delayed EHS utilization among participants with chronic health conditions; (2) Participants with acute health conditions expressed concern regarding the impact of COVID-19 on their care, but continued to access services as required; (3) Participants caring for people with sensory and developmental disabilities identified unique communication needs during interactions with EHS during the COVID-19 pandemic; communicating with emergency health care workers wearing personal protective equipment (PPE) was identified as a key challenge, with face masks reported as especially problematic for people who are deaf or hard-of-hearing; and (4) Children and older people also experienced communication challenges associated with PPE, and the need for connection with emergency health care workers was important for positive lived experience during interactions with EHS throughout the pandemic.
Conclusion:This research provides an important insight into the lived experience of EHS utilization during the COVID-19 pandemic, a perspective currently lacking in the published peer-reviewed literature.
11 - The application of transparency
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- By Johannes Koepp, University of Geneva, Cameron Sim, University of Oxford
- Edited by Dimitrij Euler, Universität Basel, Switzerland, Markus Gehring, University of Cambridge, Maxi Scherer
- Assisted by Meagan Wong, Rebecca Hadgett
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- Book:
- Transparency in International Investment Arbitration
- Published online:
- 05 August 2015
- Print publication:
- 10 August 2015, pp 321-350
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Summary
11.1 Introduction
1. As the preceding chapters illustrate, the UNCITRAL Rules on Transparency in Treaty-based Investor-State Arbitration (the Rules) were adopted following much consultation, deliberation and negotiation. In heralding their arrival onto the field of investor-State arbitration, UNCITRAL expressed with confidence that the Rules ‘constitute a robust, innovative set of procedural rules that will make arbitrations involving a State, initiated under an investment treaty, accessible to the public’. Yet when the Rules came into effect on 1 April 2014, they did not become immediately and universally applicable to all treaty-based investor-State arbitrations. Most notably, they did not dispose of the transparency mechanisms provided for in existing treaties and arbitration rules. Rather, for the time being at least, the Rules will coexist alongside arbitration rules utilised in, and other provisions governing, investor- State arbitrations.
2. In this chapter, we voyage through the paradoxically ‘murky territory’ of transparency to cast light on the likely application of the Rules in the context of investor-State arbitration. This includes consideration of when the Rules apply, when they might be invoked, when any such application or invocation might give rise to conflicts with existing arbitration rules and other provisions governing the arbitral proceedings, and how any such conflicts are to be resolved.
3. This chapter is comprised of three sections. In the first section, we outline the scope of the application of the Rules, noting the classes of investor-State arbitrations to which the Rules will apply, and might apply. In the second section, we summarise the duties imposed by the Rules on parties and arbitral tribunals alike. These first two sections are intended to bring together and provide an overview of the issues analysed in greater detail in the preceding chapters of this book. In the third section, we move on to consider when conflicts might arise between the Rules and other provisions governing the arbitration, namely the applicable arbitration rules, the treaty pursuant to which the arbitration was initiated, and the laws applicable to the arbitration; and analyse how any such conflicts might be resolved.
Contributors
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- By Iftikhar Ahmed, Chris Allen, Sani H. Aliyu, Pawel Bogucki, Darshan H. Brahmbhatt, Ewen Cameron, Peter M. F. Campbell, Jane Chalmers, Wendy Chamberlain, Tony Coll, Gareth Corbett, Julia Czuprynska, Carla Davies, Mark Dayer, Edward Fathers, Mark Fish MD MRCP, Zoë Fritz MA MRCP, Jonathan Fuld, Luke Gompels, Daniel E. Greaves, Emma Greig, Stephen Haydock, Matthew R. Hayman, Jonathan Hills, John Kalk, Catherine Laversuch, Cliff Mann, Deepak Mannari, Rudi Matull, Marko Nikolić, Marguerite Paffard, Kate R. Petheram, Lucy Pollock, Kobus Preller, Christopher J. S. Price, Peter J. Pugh, Charlotte Rutter, Gillian Sims, Robert A. Stone, David Tate, Paul D. Thomas, Satish Thomas William, Andrew Thompson, Marianne Tinkler, Gareth Walker, Stuart Walker, Nic Wenninke, Christopher Westall, Duncan Whitehead, Rob Whiting, Penny Williams, Cally Williamson, Mohamed Yousuf
- Edited by Stephen Haydock, Duncan Whitehead, Zoë Fritz
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- Book:
- Acute Medicine
- Published online:
- 05 November 2014
- Print publication:
- 30 October 2014, pp viii-x
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CHOICE OF LAW AND ANTI-SUIT INJUNCTIONS: RELOCATING COMITY
- Cameron Sim
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- Journal:
- International & Comparative Law Quarterly / Volume 62 / Issue 3 / July 2013
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 09 July 2013, pp. 703-726
- Print publication:
- July 2013
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English private international law generally gives a potential role, where appropriate, to foreign law, by allowing for the application of choice of law rules to determine its relevance. Yet in the context of anti-suit injunctions granted otherwise than in aid of a contractual right not to be sued, choice of law is conspicuously absent. In those cases, courts simply apply the lex fori without paying any regard to foreign law, although the notion of comity is taken into account in the final decision on whether to grant anti-suit relief. Clearer identification of the grounds for granting such relief should limit application of the lex fori to instances where the anti-suit injunction serves as a form of ancillary relief to protect the judicial processes of the forum, and in which comity plays no role. In all other cases, which ultimately concern private justice between the parties, comity is best understood as an expression of justice in cases involving foreign elements, and better reflected through choice of law rules, which might lead to the application of foreign law. This approach is preferable to invoking comity as a consideration relating to the manner in which the court regulates the grant of anti-suit relief, because courts tend to bestow rights, which parties may not otherwise have, under the cloak of comity. Understanding comity as the catalyst for taking account of foreign law assuages concerns about interfering with foreign courts, acts as a deterrent to remedy shopping, and provides greater certainty as regards the vindication of rights. The case for widening the application of choice of law in this context does not depend on Rome II, but if the principle is accepted, courts must follow the process which it specifies.